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  • Oil tankers bringing Iraqi crude oil to Turkey backed up at the border waiting to enter the country. Much of the oil export is illegal under the UN sanctions against Iraq, but a blind eye has been turned toward the trade. The Kurds of Northern Iraq tax the transport of the oil through their territory. Turkey has been accused of cutting back on the trade in order to squeeze the Iraqi Kurds' unity, fearing independence claims from Turkey's own 12 million Kurds...Zakho, Iraqi Kurdistan. 01/12/2002...Photo © J.B. Russell
    iraqkurds-044.jpg
  • A Kurdish truck driver from Turkey at a yard with thousands of oil tanker trucks on their way to Iraq to bring Iraqi crude oil back to Turkey. Much of this oil export is illegal under UN sanctions against Iraq, but a blind eye has been turned toward the trade. The Kurds of Northern Iraq tax the transport of the oil through their territory. Turkey has been accused of cutting back on the trade in order to squeeze the Iraqi Kurds' unity, fearing independence claims from Turkey's own 12 million Kurds...Zakho, Iraqi Kurdistan. 01/12/2002...Photo © J.B. Russell
    kurd-100.jpg
  • A Kurdish truck driver from Turkey at the Iraqi border with hundreds of oil tanker trucks on their way to Iraq to bring Iraqi crude oil back to Turkey. Much of this oil export is illegal under UN sanctions against Iraq, but a blind eye has been turned toward the trade. The Kurds of Northern Iraq tax the transport of the oil through their territory. Turkey has been accused of cutting back on the trade in order to squeeze the Iraqi Kurds' unity, fearing independence claims from Turkey's own 12 million Kurds...Zakho, Iraqi Kurdistan. 01/12/2002...Photo © J.B. Russell
    kurd-107.jpg
  • Tanker trucks bringing Iraqi crude oil to Turkey from Iraq at the Iraqi-Turkish border. Much of this oil export is illegal under UN sanctions against Iraq, but a blind eye has been turned toward the trade. The Kurds of Northern Iraq tax the transport of the oil through their territory. Turkey has been accused of cutting back on the trade in order to squeeze the Iraqi Kurds' unity, fearing independence claims from Turkey's own 12 million Kurds...Zakho, Iraqi Kurdistan. 01/12/2002...Photo © J.B. Russell
    kurd-105.jpg
  • Truck drivers bringing Iraqi crude oil to Turkey backed up at the border waiting to enter the country. Much of the oil export is illegal under the UN sanctions against Iraq, but a blind eye has been turned toward the trade. The Kurds of Northern Iraq tax the transport of the oil through their territory. Turkey has been accused of cutting back on the trade in order to squeeze the Iraqi Kurds' unity, fearing independence claims from Turkey's own 12 million Kurds...Zakho, Iraqi Kurdistan. 01/12/2002...Photo © J.B. Russell
    iraqkurds-045.jpg
  • Thousands of oil tanker trucks bringing Iraqi crude oil to Turkey backed up at the border waiting to enter the country. Much of this oil export is illegal under UN sanctions against Iraq, but a blind eye has been turned toward the trade. The Kurds of Northern Iraq tax the transport of the oil through their territory. Turkey has been accused of cutting back on the trade in order to squeeze the Iraqi Kurds' unity, fearing independence claims from Turkey's own 12 million Kurds...Zakho, Iraqi Kurdistan. 01/12/2002...Photo © J.B. Russell
    kurd-108.jpg
  • Iraqi Kurdistan's only oil refinery. After the 1991 uprising against the Baghdad regime, Saddam Hussein refused to provide petroleum to the Kurds so they began to develop their own small oil fields. Deprived of parts and technology, Kurdish engineers recovered the necessary elements from abandoned factories and constructed Kurdistan's only oil refinery at a disused sugar factory. ..Sulaimaniya, Iraqi Kurdistan. 21/11/2002...Photo © J.B. Russell
    kurd-072.jpg
  • A Kurdish truck driver from Turkey at a yard with thousands of oil tanker trucks on their way to Iraq to bring Iraqi crude oil back to Turkey. Much of this oil export is illegal under UN sanctions against Iraq, but a blind eye has been turned toward the trade. The Kurds of Northern Iraq tax the transport of the oil through their territory. Turkey has been accused of cutting back on the trade in order to squeeze the Iraqi Kurds' unity, fearing independence claims from Turkey's own 12 million Kurds...Zakho, Iraqi Kurdistan. 01/12/2002...Photo © J.B. Russell
    kurd-101.jpg
  • Iraqi Kurdistan's only oil refinery. After the 1991 uprising against the Baghdad regime, Saddam Hussein refused to provide petroleum to the Kurds, so they began to develop their own small oil fields. Deprived of parts and technology, Kurdish engineers recovered the necessary elements from abandoned factories and constructed Kurdistan's only oil refinery at a disused sugar factory. ..Sulaimaniya, Iraqi Kurdistan. 21/11/2002...Photo © J.B. Russell
    kurd-075.jpg
  • Benzene, kerosene, diesol, RCR (residual) and natural gas flow from Iraqi Kurdistan's only oil refinery. After the 1991 uprising against the Baghdad regime, Saddam Hussein refused to provide petroleum to the Kurds, so they began to develop their own small oil fields. Deprived of parts and technology, Kurdish engineers recovered the necessary elements from abandoned factories and constructed Kurdistan's only oil refinery at a disused sugar factory. Production provides 20% of Iraqi Kurdistans fuel needs. 30% comes once again from the regime and the rest is obtained through black market smuggling...Sulaimaniya, Iraqi Kurdistan. 21/11/2002...Photo © J.B. Russell
    kurd-077.jpg
  • Iraqi Kurdistan's only oil refinery. After the 1991 uprising against the Baghdad regime, Saddam Hussein refused to provide petroleum to the Kurds, so they began to develop their own small oil fields. Deprived of parts and technology, Kurdish engineers recovered the necessary elements from abandoned factories and constructed Kurdistan's only oil refinery at a disused sugar factory. ..Sulaimaniya, Iraqi Kurdistan. 21/11/2002...Photo © J.B. Russell
    kurd-073.jpg
  • Gasoline being sold along the street of Erbil. Iraqi Kurdistan is dependent on gasoline from the regime in Baghdad, but has also rebuilt it's society on revenue from the oil for food program and taxing crude oil exported from Iraq, through Kurdistan, to Turkey...Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan. 13/11/2002...Photo © J.B. Russell
    kurd-027.jpg
  • Gasoline being sold along the roadside in the capital of Iraqi Kurdistan. Although the Kurds enjoy a certain autonomy, they are cut off from the rest of the world and are at the mercy of Saddam's regime for their energy needs...Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan. 14/11/2002..Photo © J.B. Russell..
    iraqkurds-010.jpg
  • The villagers of Diagho harvest palm nuts in the forest for the artisinale production of palm oil, palm wine and palm oil based soaps. Palm oil products from Casamance are well known and are an important part of the local economy. During the dry season, the men harvest the fruit and the sap of wild palm trees and the women transform the palm nuts into local products. Palm oil production in Casamance remains traditional and has resisted the transformation to industrial scale plantations to satisfy the growing demand from the international food and bio fuel industries that have resulted in large scale deforestation in SE Asia and Latin America. Diagho, Senegal. 10/11/2014.
    WestAfricaClimateChange_056.jpg
  • The villagers of Diagho harvest palm nuts in the forest for the artisinale production of palm oil, palm wine and palm oil based soaps. Palm oil products from Casamance are well known and are an important part of the local economy. During the dry season, the men harvest the fruit and the sap of wild palm trees and the women transform the palm nuts into local products. Palm oil production in Casamance remains traditional and has resisted the transformation to industrial scale plantations to satisfy the growing demand from the international food and bio fuel industries that have resulted in large scale deforestation in SE Asia and Latin America. Diagho, Senegal. 10/11/2014.
    WestAfricaClimateChange_057.jpg
  • A Kurdish truck driver from Turkey at a yard with thousands of oil tankers on their way to Iraq to bring Iraqi crude oil back to Turkey. Much of the oil export is illegal under the UN sanctions against Iraq, but a blind eye has been turned toward the trade. The Kurds of Northern Iraq tax the transport of the oil through their territory. Turkey has been accused of cutting back on the trade in order to squeeze the Iraqi Kurds, fearing independance claims from Turkey's own 12 million Kurds.<br />
Zakho, Iraqi Kurdistan. 01/12/2002.
    4Fingers-0006.jpg
  • A woman produces and sells Carousse oil in a rural village. Palm oil production in the region remains traditional and has resisted the transformation to industrial scale plantations to satisfy the growing demand from the international food and bio fuel industries that have resulted in large scale deforestation in SE Asia and Latin America. There is also increasing pressure to cut productive trees for the sale of their truncks, a practice that degrades the forest. If the commercialization of traditional, sustainably produced palm oil products could generate more revenue than the cutting of trees for wood, communities could improve their economic and living standards while protecting the natural resources of their environment.  Birban, Guinea Bissau. 13/11/2014.
    WestAfricaClimateChange_060.jpg
  • A villager carries two palm seed pods on his head after harvesting them from wild palm trees in the forest near his community. The inhabitants of the commune of Ouonck consider the forest sacred. The production of artisanal palm oil and palm oil products from wild palm groves is an important part of their livelihoods, but they manage the exploitation of the natural resource in a sustainable way. Despite a high level of poverty and a lack of basic services, the community is attempting to develop their quality, natural products rather than ceding to more industrial economic development that could endanger the forest and their way of life. Mandouard II, Ouonck, Senegal. 03/12/2015.
    WestAfricaClimateChange_058.jpg
  • Women sift through rejected cotton seeds from the Sofitex cotton factory to sell in the market for making oil and in cooking. ..Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. 16 December 2003...Photo © J.B. Russell
    cottonbf-0039.jpg
  • Men filling jerry cans of gasoline to sell in the market place. Along with Nigeria, Angola is Africa's largest producer of oil. After decades of war, the country is undergoing a vast reconstruction program..Luau, Moxico Province, Angola. 27/07/2008..Photo © J.B. Russell
    Angola0907-1347.jpg
  • Women outside a Sofitex processing factory sift through cotton seeds rejected as not viable for replanting during the following season. The women sell seeds in the market for making oil and for use in cooking. .Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. 16 December 2003..Photo © J.B. Russell
    cottonbf-035.jpg
  • A Kurdish family that was forcibly expelled from the strategically important oil producing region of Kirkuk at the Bardaqaraman camp for displaced people. Saddam Hussein's government has been conducting an "Arabization" program of the area by imprisoning and expelling Kurds and moving Arab Iraqis into the region.<br />
Sulaimaniya, Iraqi Kurdistan. 19/11/2002.
    4Fingers-0024.jpg
  • The skyline along of Angola's capital city is crowded with cranes and construction projects. The country is undergoing a massive rebuilding program thanks in large part to oil and diamond revenu as well as loans from the Chinese government. Much of the reconstruction of infrastructure is being realized by Chinese companies..Luanda, Angola. 06/10/2010..Photo © J.B. Russell
    Angola1009-1187.jpg
  • Men filling jerry cans of gasoline to sell in the market place. Along with Nigeria, Angola is Africa's largest producer of oil. After decades of war, the country is undergoing a vast reconstruction program..Luau, Moxico Province, Angola. 27/07/2008..Photo © J.B. Russell
    Angola0907-1353.jpg
  • A family in the Banslawa IDP camp, near Eribil. Thousands of Iraqi Kurds forcibly displaced by Saddam Hussein's regime from their homes in the strategic, oil producing region of Kirkuk have been resettled in Iraqi Kurdistan...Banslawa, Iraqi Kurdistan. 12/11/2002..Photo © J.B. Russell
    iraqkurds-007.jpg
  • A village elder emerges from the forest near his community in the Casamance region of southern Senegal. The Jola (Diola) people are an ancient ethnic group that predominate in Casamance. Unlike most ethnic groups of West Africa, the Jola have no caste system. Their communities are based on extended clan settlements with a highly egalitarian organization and collective consciousness. Their culture is profoundly linked to nature and their environment. Most Jola communities sustain themselves through fishing, rice cultivation and palm oil and wine production. Casamance has a unique ecosystem of mangroves, forests and wetlands that has been significantly affected by climate change due to drought, the rise in sea levels and the salinization of waterways and soil, adversely affecting the way of life of its inhabitants. While communities are actively seeking partners and ways to improve their standard of living, they are determined to protect their sacred forests and natural environment. Diagho, Senegal. 10/11/2014.
    WestAfricaClimateChange_055.jpg
  • A drilling platform and ships of the coast of Ilha do Cabo in Angola's capital city. The country is undergoing a massive rebuilding program thanks in large part to oil and diamond revenu as well as loans from the Chinese government. Much of the reconstruction of infrastructure is being realized by Chinese companies..Luanda, Angola. 06/10/2010..Photo © J.B. Russell
    Angola1009-1172.jpg
  • The skyline along the waterfront of Angola's capital city is crowded with cranes and construction projects. The country is undergoing a massive rebuilding program thanks in large part to oil and diamond revenu as well as loans from the Chinese government. Much of the reconstruction of infrastructure is being realized by Chinese companies..Luanda, Angola. 06/10/2010..Photo © J.B. Russell
    Angola1009-1157.jpg
  • The skyline along the waterfront of Angola's capital city is crowded with cranes and construction projects. The country is undergoing a massive rebuilding program thanks in large part to oil and diamond revenu as well as loans from the Chinese government. Much of the reconstruction of infrastructure is being realized by Chinese companies..Luanda, Angola. 06/10/2010..Photo © J.B. Russell
    Angola1009-1156.jpg
  • In the years following Angola's long civil war, revenu from oil and diamonds have helped rebuild the country. In the provincial capital of Moxico province, paved roads, luxury cars and a plethora of motor bikes are signs that the post-war economy is taking hold..Luena, Angola. 05/10/2010..Photo © J.B. Russell
    Angola1009-1142.jpg
  • In the years following Angola's long civil war, revenu from oil and diamonds have helped rebuild the country. In the provincial capital of Moxico province, construction projects, paved roads, luxury cars and a plethora of motor bikes are signs that the post-war economy is taking hold..Luena, Angola. 05/10/2010..Photo © J.B. Russell
    Angola1009-1136.jpg
  • Men filling jerry cans of gasoline to sell in the market place. Along with Nigeria, Angola is Africa's largest producer of oil. After decades of war, the country is undergoing a vast reconstruction program..Luau, Moxico Province, Angola. 27/07/2008..Photo © J.B. Russell
    Angola0907-1348.jpg
  • Women outside a Sofitex processing factory sift through cotton seeds rejected as not viable for replanting during the following season. The women sell seeds in the market for making oil and for use in cooking. .Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. 16 December 2003..Photo © J.B. Russell
    cottonbf-034.jpg
  • Iraqi Kurds who were forcibly expelled from the Kurdish oil producing region of Kirkuk by Saddam Hussein's regime living in an abandoned sugar factory. Saddam's regime has been displacing thousands of Kurdish families from the strategic area and settling Iraqi Arabs in their place...Sulaimaniya, Iraqi Kurdistan. 21/11/2002...Photo © J.B. Russell
    iraqkurds-029.jpg
  • The skyline along the waterfront in Angola's capital city is crowded with cranes and construction projects. Following decades of conflict, the country is undergoing a massive rebuilding program thanks in large part to oil and gas revenu as well as loans from the Chinese government. Much of the reconstruction of infrastructure is being realized by Chinese companies..Luanda, Angola. 06/10/2010..Photo © J.B. Russell
    Angola1009-1170.jpg
  • In the years following Angola's long civil war, revenu from oil and diamonds have helped rebuild the country. In the provincial capital of Moxico province, paved roads, luxury cars and a plethora of motor bikes are signs that the post-war economy is taking hold..Luena, Angola. 05/10/2010..Photo © J.B. Russell
    Angola1009-1154.jpg
  • Men filling jerry cans of gasoline to sell in the market place. Along with Nigeria, Angola is Africa's largest producer of oil. After decades of war, the country is undergoing a vast reconstruction program..Luau, Moxico Province, Angola. 27/07/2008..Photo © J.B. Russell
    Angola0907-1345.jpg
  • A Kurdish family that was forcibly expelled from Kirkuk at the Bardaqaraman camp for displaced people. The Kurdish town of Kirkuk is an important oil producing region still in the hands of the regime. Saddam Hussein's government has been conducting an "Arabization" program of the area by imprisoning and expelling Kurds and moving Arab Iraqis into the region...Sulaimaniya, Iraqi Kurdistan. 19/11/2002...Photo © J.B. Russell
    kurd-050.jpg
  • Iraqi Kurds forcibly expelled from the Kurdish oil producing region of Kirkuk by Saddam Hussein's regime living in an abandoned sugar factory. For several years, the regime has been displacing thousands of Kurdish families from the strategic area and moving in Iraqi Arabs...Sulaimaniya, Iraqi Kurdistan. 21/11/2002...Photo © J.B. Russell
    kurd-070.jpg
  • Children in the Banslawa camp for displaced people. Thousands of Kurdish families have been forcibly evicted from their homes in the strategic, oil producing region of Kirkuk by the Iraqi regime's "Arabization" program of the traditionally Kurdish area...Eribil, Iraqi Kurdistan. 12/11/2002...Photo © J.B. Russell
    kurd-017.jpg
  • A Peshmerga fighter in the Banslawa camp for displaced people. The Kurds were forcibly evicted from their homes in the oil producing region of Kirkuk by the Iraqi regime's "arabization" program of the traditionally Kurdish region...Eribil, Iraqi Kurdistan. 12/11/2002...Photo © J.B. Russell
    kurd-015.jpg
  • A young boy with his pidgin in the Banslawa camp for displaced people. These Kurds were forcibly evicted from their homes in the strategic, oil producing region of Kirkuk. The traditionally Kurdish area is controlled held by the Baghdad regime which has been conducting a program of "Arabization."..Eribil, Iraqi Kurdistan. 12/11/2002...Photo © J.B. Russell
    kurd-014.jpg
  • A Kurdish family that was forcibly expelled from Kirkuk at the Bardaqaraman camp for displaced people. The Kurdish town of Kirkuk is an important oil producing region still in the hands of the regime. Saddam Hussein's government has been conducting an "Arabization" program of the area by imprisoning and expelling Kurds and moving Arab Iraqis into the region...Sulaimaniya, Iraqi Kurdistan. 19/11/2002...Photo © J.B. Russell
    kurd-051.jpg
  • Grain being off-loaded at the southern Iraqi port of Umm Qasr as part of the oil-for-food program. The program is intended to help alleviate the hardships on the Iraqi people caused by the embargo against Saddam Hussein's regime.<br />
Umm Qasr, Iraq. 23/01/2001.
    4Fingers-0007.jpg