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30 images Created 13 Sep 2017

REPORTAGE: Climate Change and Biodiversity in West Africa

The mangrove ecosystems along the coast of West Africa are among the most important in the world. Mangroves are some of the most carbon-rich habitats on the planet, containing on average twice the biomass of tropical forests, making them extremely effective carbon sinks in the fight against global warming and climate change. Thirty-one percent of West Africa's population live along coastal zones and rely on the region's natural resources for their livelihoods and way of life. Drought and rising sea levels are causing the salinization of the ecosystems and the degradation of vast swaths of mangrove forests, fisheries and agriculture.
According to Achim Steiner, the executive director of the UNEP, "The escalating destruction and degradation of mangroves ... is occurring at an alarming rate, with over a quarter of the earth's original mangrove cover now lost. This has potentially devastating effects on biodiversity, food security and the livelihoods of some of the most marginalized coastal communities in developing countries, where more than 90 per cent of the world's mangroves are found."
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  • A family navigates along tidal channels through the mangroves in a traditional wooden pirogue. The coastal mangroves of Guinea Bissau and southern Senegal are some of the most important in Africa. Rising sea levels and drought due to global warming and climate change are causing the salinization of the complex mangrove ecosystem with adverse affects on the fauna and flora of the region. Mangroves harbor an extraordinary amount of bio mass and are exceptional carbon sinks. Their destrucion not only affects local populations, but also the worldwide fight against global warming and climate change. Canchungo, Guinea Bissau. 05/11/2014.
    WestAfricaClimateChange_035.jpg
  • A fisherman casts his net at sunrise in the mangroves of Guinea Bissau. The mangrove wetlands of Guinea Bissau and southern Senegal are the most important in all of Africa. Drought and rising sea levels due to global warming and climate change as well as human activity are causing the salinization and destruction of the delicate ecosystem with adverse affects on the unique fauna, flora and traditional livelihoods of the region's inhabitants. Canchungo, Guinea Bissau. 16/11/2014.
    WestAfricaClimateChange_036.jpg
  • In a landscape of devastated mangroves along the banks of the Soungrougrou River in the Casamance region of Senegal, a fisherman pulls in a largely empty net. Drought caused by climate change has transformed the ecosystem into an inversed estuary, of which few exist in the world. When there are abundant rains, fresh water flushes the salt out of the waterways, but with the prolonged drought, inland salt levels have become more concentrated than at the mouth of the rivers where they reach the sea. The increased salinization of the ecosystem has degraded large swaths of West African mangrove forests with devastating consequences on fish stocks, wildlife and the livelihoods of local inhabitants. The biomass that mangrove forests harbor makes them excellent carbon sinks in the fight against global warming. According to a recent report by the UNEP, mangrove forests worldwide are being destroyed at a rate three to five times faster than global deforestation, making them one of the most threatened ecosystems on the planet.  Marsassoum, Senegal. 05/12/2015.
    WestAfricaClimateChange_038.jpg
  • Local fishermen clean their nets along the banks of the Casamance River. Fishing is crucial to the local economy. Rising sea levels and drought due to global warming and climate change are causing the salinization of the complex mangrove ecosystem of the coastal zone, with adverse affects on the fish, shrimp and shellfish stocks that local communities depend on for their livelihoods. Sédhiou, Sénégal. 12/11/2014.
    WestAfricaClimateChange_039.jpg
  • Young men linger at low tide at the fishing port in the mangroves of Guinea Bissau. Lack of employment opportunities, development and a decline in the sustainability of traditional livilihoods such as fishing and agriculture have contributed to the migration of many youths to cities and abroad in seach of work. Canchungo, Guinea Bissau. 04/11/2014.
    WestAfricaClimateChange_042.jpg
  • A man baths in the Casamance River. Drought caused by climate change has transformed the ecosystem into an inversed estuary, of which few exist in the world. When there are abundant rains, fresh water flushes the salt out of the waterways, but with the prolonged drought, inland salt levels have become more concentrated than at the mouth of the rivers where they reach the sea. The increased salinization of the ecosystem has degraded large swaths of West African mangrove forests with devastating consequences on fish stocks, wildlife and the livelihoods of local inhabitants. Bambaly, Senegal. 12/11/2014.
    WestAfricaClimateChange_040.jpg
  • The skeletal remains of hundreds of mangrove trees mark barren flats along the Soungrougrou River where dense mangroves once flourished. West Africa is home to one of the world's most important mangrove forests, however large areas of the forests have been dying off in recent years. Locals and experts believe that drought and rising sea levels due to climate change have caused the increased salinization of the unique mangrove ecosystem leading to the degradation of large swaths of mangrove forests with detrimental consequences on biodiversity, fish stocks and the livelihoods of local inhabitants. Mangrove forests are excellent carbon sinks and essential in the fight against global warming. According to a recent report by the UNEP, the world's mangroves are being destroyed at a rate three to five times faster than global deforestation. The report calls mangrove forests "one of the most threatened ecosystems on the planet." Marsassoum, Casamance, Senegal. 16/04/2016.
    WestAfricaClimateChange_041.jpg
  • Bassirou Sambou submerged in an estuary that runs through the mangroves near his community in the Casamace region of southern Senegal. Drought and rising sea levels due to climate change have caused the salinization of the mangrove's unique ecosystem. As a result, large swaths of mangrove forests and the rich biodiversity that they harbor have been destoyed or degraded in the region. The way of life and culture of the Jola (Diola) people is profoundly linked to their environment. Their traditional livelihoods are based on rice farming and fishing. As the mangroves died off, fish stocks disappeared and rice patties were invaded by salt water, Bassirou Sambou and his friend Salatou Sambou created the Kawawana association (an acronym in the local dialect for "Let's all preserve our patrimony"). The association has managed to replant thousands of mangrove trees and have the entire area declared an "Aire du Patrimoine Autochtone et Communautaire" (An Area of Aboriginal and Community Heritage) which allows them to protect and regulate the exploitation of the area's natural resources. Their initiative has become a model for many other communities in the region who face similar climate change threats. Mangagoulack, Casamance, Senegal. 18/04/2016.
    WestAfricaClimateChange_067.jpg
  • Vehicles and passengers cross the mangroves by boat to join the town of Massassoum. The remoteness of the region and lack of infrastructure impedes developement and contributes to the non-sustainable exploitation and degradation of natural resources.  Massassoum, Senegal. 10/11/2014.
    WestAfricaClimateChange_043.jpg
  • Fishermen in traditional wooden pirogues arrive on the beaches of Kafountine in the Casamance region of Senegal. Thousands of tons of fish are smoked, salted and dried along the beaches and exported throughout the region, playing a crucial role in the local economy. However, not enough has been done to protect the region's natural resources. Illegal fishing by foreign trawlers and the degradation of the mangrove ecosystem, the breeding habitat for many fish species, have drastically reduced fish stocks and hurt local fishing communities. Kafountine, Senegal. 08/11/2014.
    WestAfricaClimateChange_044.jpg
  • A fish porter runs through a maze of smoking ovens to deliver fish from boats to the smoking, salting and drying operations along the beaches of Kanfountine. Thousands of tons of fish are smoked, salted, dried and exported throughout the region every year, playing a crucial role in the local economy. However, the cutting of forests to feed the fish smoking ovens along with the consequences of climate change on the local ecosystem are threatening the traditional way of life and economic activities of the region. Kafountine, Sénégal. 08/11/2014.
    WestAfricaClimateChange_045.jpg
  • Fish smoking ovens on the beach in the Casamace region of Senegal. Thousands of tons of fish are smoked, salted, dried and exported throughout the region every year, playing a crucial role in the local economy. The coastal zone of Casmance is home to one of Africa's most important mangrove forests. The cutting of wood to feed the fish smoking operations and the effects of climate change on the local ecosystem are severely affecting the mangroves and the forests of the region. Kafountine, Sénégal. 08/11/2014.
    WestAfricaClimateChange_046.jpg
  • Piles of smoked fish are extracted from the fish smoking operations on the beach in the Casamace region of Senegal. Thousands of tons of fish are smoked, salted, dried and exported throughout the region every year, playing a crucial role in the local economy. The coastal zone of Casmance is home to one of Africa's most important mangrove wetlands. The cutting of wood to feed the fish smoking operations as well as the effects of climate change on the local ecosystem have severely affected the mangroves and the forests of the region. Kafountine, Senegal. 08/11/2014.
    WestAfricaClimateChange_049.jpg
  • Fish drying in the open air on the beaches of Kafountine. Traditional maritime fishing in Casamance and the transformation of fish into smoked, salted and dried products has increased significantly in recent years and plays an important role in the economy of the region. However, the cutting of forests to feed the fish smoking ovens along with the consequences of climate change on the local ecosystem are threatening the traditional way of life and economic activities of the region. Kafountine, Senegal. 08/11/2014.
    WestAfricaClimateChange_047.jpg
  • A woman passes through drying racks where fish dry in the open air on the beaches of Kafountine. Traditional maritime fishing in Casamance and the transformation of fish into smoked, salted and dried products has increased significantly in recent years and plays an important role in the economy of the region. However, the cutting of forests to feed the fish smoking ovens along with the consequences of climate change on the local ecosystem are threatening the traditional way of life and economic activities of the region. Kafountine, Senegal. 08/11/2014.
    WestAfricaClimateChange_048.jpg
  • A tourism complex built by an Italian group crumbled onto the beach due to rising sea levels and erosion. Just a year earlier, although threatened, the buildings were still intact on the bluff. Climate change has caused the sea to encroach on the coastline of West Africa at an alarming rate in recent years with severe affects on infrastructure, economic activities, agriculture and coastal communities. Varela, Guinea Bissau. 13/12/2015.
    WestAfricaClimateChange_050.jpg
  • At a ceremony to honor the death of an important figure in their community who had been an immigrant in Europe, youths discuss jobs, opportunities and the option of emigrating to larger cities or abroad in search of a better future. Geographic isolation, evolving lifestyles, lack of employment and climate change have contributed to a rural exodus as many youths seek work in urban areas or attempt to reach Europe in hopes of finding work and better opportunities. Canchungo, Guinea Bissau. 11/04/2016.
    WestAfricaClimateChange_052.jpg
  • A village elder emerges from the forest near his community in the Casamance region of southern Senegal. The Jola (Diola) people are an ancient ethnic group that predominate in Casamance. Unlike most ethnic groups of West Africa, the Jola have no caste system. Their communities are based on extended clan settlements with a highly egalitarian organization and collective consciousness. Their culture is profoundly linked to nature and their environment. Most Jola communities sustain themselves through fishing, rice cultivation and palm oil and wine production. Casamance has a unique ecosystem of mangroves, forests and wetlands that has been significantly affected by climate change due to drought, the rise in sea levels and the salinization of waterways and soil, adversely affecting the way of life of its inhabitants. While communities are actively seeking partners and ways to improve their standard of living, they are determined to protect their sacred forests and natural environment. Diagho, Senegal. 10/11/2014.
    WestAfricaClimateChange_055.jpg
  • The villagers of Diagho harvest palm nuts in the forest for the artisinale production of palm oil, palm wine and palm oil based soaps. Palm oil products from Casamance are well known and are an important part of the local economy. During the dry season, the men harvest the fruit and the sap of wild palm trees and the women transform the palm nuts into local products. Palm oil production in Casamance remains traditional and has resisted the transformation to industrial scale plantations to satisfy the growing demand from the international food and bio fuel industries that have resulted in large scale deforestation in SE Asia and Latin America. Diagho, Senegal. 10/11/2014.
    WestAfricaClimateChange_056.jpg
  • The villagers of Diagho harvest palm nuts in the forest for the artisinale production of palm oil, palm wine and palm oil based soaps. Palm oil products from Casamance are well known and are an important part of the local economy. During the dry season, the men harvest the fruit and the sap of wild palm trees and the women transform the palm nuts into local products. Palm oil production in Casamance remains traditional and has resisted the transformation to industrial scale plantations to satisfy the growing demand from the international food and bio fuel industries that have resulted in large scale deforestation in SE Asia and Latin America. Diagho, Senegal. 10/11/2014.
    WestAfricaClimateChange_057.jpg
  • A villager carries two palm seed pods on his head after harvesting them from wild palm trees in the forest near his community. The inhabitants of the commune of Ouonck consider the forest sacred. The production of artisanal palm oil and palm oil products from wild palm groves is an important part of their livelihoods, but they manage the exploitation of the natural resource in a sustainable way. Despite a high level of poverty and a lack of basic services, the community is attempting to develop their quality, natural products rather than ceding to more industrial economic development that could endanger the forest and their way of life. Mandouard II, Ouonck, Senegal. 03/12/2015.
    WestAfricaClimateChange_058.jpg
  • A woman produces and sells Carousse oil in a rural village. Palm oil production in the region remains traditional and has resisted the transformation to industrial scale plantations to satisfy the growing demand from the international food and bio fuel industries that have resulted in large scale deforestation in SE Asia and Latin America. There is also increasing pressure to cut productive trees for the sale of their truncks, a practice that degrades the forest. If the commercialization of traditional, sustainably produced palm oil products could generate more revenue than the cutting of trees for wood, communities could improve their economic and living standards while protecting the natural resources of their environment.  Birban, Guinea Bissau. 13/11/2014.
    WestAfricaClimateChange_060.jpg
  • A man felling trees for the authorized and controlled production of charcoal in the Kalounayes managed forest. Villagers exploit certain species of trees on designated plots of the forest, re-plant and then rotate to new plots in order to earn a living while protecting their local environment. Initiatives to encourage local inhabitants to protect their natural resources while exploiting them in a sustainable way are crucial to the economic development of the region and to mitigate the effects of climate change on the local way of life. Ouonk, Senegal. 10/11/2014.
    WestAfricaClimateChange_053.jpg
  • A woman carries wood collected from the forest to her village for cooking and construction. Climate change and human activities have damaged the unique ecosystem of the region with detrimental effects on traditional livelihoods and way of life. Birban, Guinea Bissau. 13/11/2014.
    WestAfricaClimateChange_054.jpg
  • Prosper Diatta, a farmer, protects his remaining rice fields from birds by cracking a rope to scare them away after unusually strong storms and exceptionally high tides breached the levies that protect his rice paddies, destroying a large portion of his harvest. The inundation of his rice fields by salt water and the increasing salinization of the soil along the coastal region of Guinea Bissau due to climate change induced drought and rising sea levels have drastically reduced Diatta's rice harvest, jeopardizing his family's food security and livelihood. Varela, Guinea Bissau. 12/12/2015.
    WestAfricaClimateChange_063.jpg
  • Villagers from Kabiline working in the rice fields of the valley near their community. Rice farming is a centuries old tradition for the people of Casamance and northern Guinea Bissau. Rice is not only the staple of the local diet, but it is also an integral part of the local culture and way of life. Rice cultivation is essential to food security and the economy in Casamance. Rice production in recent years has been severely affected by the salinization of soil and ground water due to drought and rising sea levels caused by climate change. Kabiline, Senegal. 09/11/2014.
    WestAfricaClimateChange_061.jpg
  • Rice farming is a centuries old tradition for the Diola people of northern Guinea Bissau and the Casamance region of Southern Senegal. Rice is not only the staple of the local diet, but it is also an integral part of Diola culture and way of life. Prosper Diatta is a rice farmer near the town of Varela on the northwestern coast of Guinea Bissau. Rising sea levels and exceptionally strong storms caused by global warming and climate change breached the levies that protect his rice fields, inundating his fields with salt water and destroying a large portion of his harvest. Drought, storms and the sea's alarming rise in the region have drastically affected the livelihoods and way of life of the local population. Varela, Guinea Bissau. 12/12/2015.
    WestAfricaClimateChange_062.jpg
  • A woman carrying salt-rich crusts of dirt scrapped from the surface of defunct rice fields that have been sterilized by increasing salt levels in the soil and ground water to the edge of the Soungrougrou River. Rice cultivation is an ancient practice in Casamance and an integral part of the local culture and economy. In recent years climate change induced drought and rising sea levels have caused the saline content of soil in many places to become too concentrated for agricultural purposes. Faced with the loss of their rice fields, women collect the salt rich top soil of their former rice patties and filter salt water from the river through the crusts to make a salt rich brine which is transformed into solar salt through the process of evaporation. The commercialization of the solar salt generates revenue for the community and helps compensate families for the loss of their rice yields. The solar method of salt production is also sustainable as it protects local forests compared to traditional wood burning salt production. Diafar Douma, Casamance, Senegal. 20/04/2016.
    WestAfricaClimateChange_064.jpg
  • A woman filtering salt water from the Soungrougrou estuary through salt-rich crusts of dirt scrapped from defunct rice fields that have been sterilized by increasing salt levels in the soil and ground water. Rice cultivation is an ancient practice in Casamance and an integral part of the local culture and economy. In recent years climate change induced drought and rising sea levels have caused the saline content of soil to become too concentrated for agricultural purposes. Faced with the loss of their rice fields, women collect the salt rich top soil from their abandoned rice patties and filter salt water through the crusts to make a salt rich brine. The brine is transformed into solar salt through the process of evaporation. The commercialization of the solar salt generates revenue for the community and helps compensate families for the loss of their rice yields. The solar method of salt production is also sustainable as it reduces women's work load and protects local forests compared to traditional wood burning salt production. Diafar Douma, Casamance, Senegal. 20/04/2016.
    WestAfricaClimateChange_065.jpg
  • A member of the women's Salt Producers Association (APROSAL). Many former rice fields that have become too salinized for the cultivation of rice are being transformed into salt producing basins. Salt is traditionally produced by cooking the brine on wood fires, however women's collectives like APROSAL are increasingly using solar methods to produce salt. Solar salt is by far easier for the women to produce in terms of labor as there is no wood to cut, it is sustainable as it does not degrade local forests and it allows them to increase their production to generate additional revenue and compensate them for the loss of rice yields. Capatrice, Guinea Bissau. 12/11/2014.
    WestAfricaClimateChange_066.jpg